Research project essay free essay sample

I carried out this research project as it was one of the challenges and concerns I experienced during my teaching practice period at Morama Community Junior Secondary School in Jwaneng. I carried out this research to find out the causes of teenage pregnancy and problems teenagers face concerning unwanted pregnancies among female students in Morama Community Junior Secondary School. Maximum of five students dropped out of school as a result of teenage pregnancy. Strategies should be made to help students avoid being the victims of teenage pregnancy. Things that contribute to teenage pregnancy can be poverty in a family, and lack of guidance in the family, since parents play an important role in their childrens life, they should maintain stable relationship with their children. BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMThe number of teenagers giving birth each year is rapidly climbing. Teenage pregnancy is a serious issue that may seriously impact the future of a young woman. We will write a custom essay sample on Research project essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Any teen pregnancy will be a challenge as teens typically lack skills needed to handle a pregnancy and motherhood. Teenage pregnancy also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in females under the age of 20. A female can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate, which can be before her first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset of her periods (Lisa, 2009). Teenage pregnancy may be due to alcohol and drug abuse. United Nations Populations Fund (UNFPA) has revealed that every day 20 000 girls under the age of 18 give birth. In Botswana, although the numbers are not that high, there is growing concerning regarding the increasing rate of teenage and adolescent pregnancies, leading to school dropouts.Kabelo Poloko, Programs Director at Botswana Family Welfare Association (BOFWA), says the biggest factor to teenage and unwanted pregnancies is a lack of use of family planning methods. Although it provides several services, the key mandate for BOFWA is still to make it easier for young people (ages 10-35) to gain access to various family planning methods (Gothataone Moeng Mmegi Newspaper, 29 November 2013).Member of Parliament for Francistown East, Mr. Buti Billy noted that students should be exposed to psycho-social developmental issues, including teenage pregnancy in club activities such as Peer Assisted Counselling by Teens, teenage mothers as well as the Girls and Boys in Education movement (BOPA, 23 March 2017). Teenagers face daily pressure from peers, they are expose to influence of TV movies, the m usic industry and internet, and unfortunately young ones are too inexperienced to handle the consequences of pregnancy. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThis research purpose is to find solutions to the causes of teenage pregnancy among female students and its effect on their academic work. Students should be taught sex education both in schools and at home. Most parents fail to understand their children and do not have a close relationship with their children as a result, find it difficult to confide matters to their parents. Parents should have a stable relationship with their children, they should talk about sex with that children rather than not disclosing it to their children. Unsupervised internet use may expose teenagers to pornographic and sex chart room, some teenagers are willing to accept sex if they are paid and some adult encourage teenage sex by deliberately taking advantages of their being poor. The use of computers have increased in my countries including Botswana and sexual materials of all kinds are easily accessible through the internet.RESEARCH QUESTIONSIs it necessary for students to have knowledge on sex education either in school or at home and teenage pregnancy?Is there any significant difference between exposure to media and computer and teenag e pregnancy?How does parent background influence teenage pregnancy?How do peer groups influence teenage pregnancy?HYPOTHESISStudents who are the victims of teenage pregnancy are mostly from poor families, they dont have a stable relationship with their parents and they dont have knowledge on sex education.REFERENCESBOPA-Daily News, Gaborone, March 23 Thursday, 2017, Member of ParliamentGothataone Moeng Mmegi Newspaper, 29 November 2013). Lisa A. (2009) Teenage Pregnancy: The making and Unmaking problems. The Policy Press. University of Bristol. United Kingdom. Pg. 208

Free Essays on Today’s Virtual Office

In today’s corporate landscape, traditional office space is steadily becoming a thing of the past. Empty chairs and vacant cubicles provide the backdrop for much of today’s corporate floor space. Nothing more than little signs reading â€Å"Telecommuting Today† or â€Å"Virtual Office Day† hang from cubicle walls. Today’s workforce consists of employees who work from home, from their cars or from virtually anywhere. Advanced technologies and progressive HR strategies make these alternative offices possible. Imagine it’s 7 am on a Monday morning. Inside the dining room of his regional office, John Sabrio, IT Manager, is enjoying his morning bagel and espresso while scribbling down voice mail messages and replying to dozens of email messages. In front of him is a Laptop - equipped with a network connection- connected to his high speed Cable Internet service which gives him network connectivity that’s always on and available with speeds that rival that of his companies intranet. The contents of his briefcase are spread on the table. As he sifts through a stack of paperwork and responds to incoming email, he periodically picks up a cordless phone and places a call to a customer or co-worker. As he talks, he sometimes wanders across the room. This is not your traditional Monday morning at work. Sabrio doesn’t have a permanent desk or workspace, nor his own telephone. When he enters a building on site, he locates any vacant conference room or cubicle, pops out his lapto p, and connects his network cable to one of the companies convenient network jacks. Equipped with his laptop and mobile phone, Sabrio is equipped to do business on the spot - just about anywhere. It could be the Server Center, or a conference room on the 30th floor with a breathtaking view of the city and water. It could even be the home office or family room, which houses punching bags, big screen television and a pool table. Wherever he goes, a network forwa... Free Essays on Today’s Virtual Office Free Essays on Today’s Virtual Office In today’s corporate landscape, traditional office space is steadily becoming a thing of the past. Empty chairs and vacant cubicles provide the backdrop for much of today’s corporate floor space. Nothing more than little signs reading â€Å"Telecommuting Today† or â€Å"Virtual Office Day† hang from cubicle walls. Today’s workforce consists of employees who work from home, from their cars or from virtually anywhere. Advanced technologies and progressive HR strategies make these alternative offices possible. Imagine it’s 7 am on a Monday morning. Inside the dining room of his regional office, John Sabrio, IT Manager, is enjoying his morning bagel and espresso while scribbling down voice mail messages and replying to dozens of email messages. In front of him is a Laptop - equipped with a network connection- connected to his high speed Cable Internet service which gives him network connectivity that’s always on and available with speeds that rival that of his companies intranet. The contents of his briefcase are spread on the table. As he sifts through a stack of paperwork and responds to incoming email, he periodically picks up a cordless phone and places a call to a customer or co-worker. As he talks, he sometimes wanders across the room. This is not your traditional Monday morning at work. Sabrio doesn’t have a permanent desk or workspace, nor his own telephone. When he enters a building on site, he locates any vacant conference room or cubicle, pops out his lapto p, and connects his network cable to one of the companies convenient network jacks. Equipped with his laptop and mobile phone, Sabrio is equipped to do business on the spot - just about anywhere. It could be the Server Center, or a conference room on the 30th floor with a breathtaking view of the city and water. It could even be the home office or family room, which houses punching bags, big screen television and a pool table. Wherever he goes, a network forwa...

Lens Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lens Discussion - Research Paper Example The origination of the concept of Other was done by German philosophers who made use of the dialect to represent differing view. In particular, this concept was used to represent women who had a completely different way of looking at people and world. The concept of other was used by male dominated culture in order to perceive the values and future of world under the view of women. It is due to this reason that the concept of Other is applied for sex education and research (Peperzak, 1993). However, later on, with the advent of communication tools and imperials ventures, the usage of Other was done in order to discriminate cultures and societies who had an opposing view regarding British reign. It was merely because politics and economics in the past decades were independent. The decision-making and actions of one nation or organization did not really affect others. One state was careful about its own notions and interests by labeling the interest of other nations to be simply Other and not nations (Charlesworth, 2007). However, in most recent times, the usage of Other, notwithstanding philosophical self-consciousness, is done in order to replicate the idea of discrimination and differentiation. Some of the philosophers tend to defend the concept by noting that the usage of the concept is merely due to the need of increased insanity and relativism in rhetoric. Therefore, the usage of the concept of Other in an unethical manner is referred to as discrimination (Peperzak, 1993). The first person who used the concept of Other was Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel who was a German philosopher. The context in which the concept of other was first used was self-consciousness. Herein, the aspect of other merely helped in letting a person reached awareness of self by comparing it with those who have a differing view about life and everything in it. Other than Georg, the

Assessment & Special Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assessment & Special Education - Essay Example According to the report findings Special Education is a multi-faceted domain and consists of a highly diverse population of both teachers and pupils. Teaching in the area of special education requires appropriate qualifications and experience as it can often prove challenging to engage with people having disabilities. As such, teachers often specialize in any particular category of special education or may instead gain experience in multiple disciplines based on the provisions of local legislation.From this study it is clear that the validity and significance of assessment in special education cannot be underestimated. Teaching children with disabilities requires a multi-faceted approach and depends on collaboration among a number of professionals in an appropriate environment. A typical assessment is thus undertaken by a multi-disciplinary team that examines a student from many different perspectives to identify the existence of any special needs and disabilities. The role of the te am is extremely important during an assessment as it helps evaluate the extent and progress of any identifiable disability and develop a suitable special education curriculum that can help the individual. As such, an evaluator must possess comprehensive, accurate and real-time knowledge on the evaluation in order to offer the best support to the student. These skills can only come with experience and must be supplemented with regular on-the-job learning. There are, however, some issues associated with current assessment methodologies. Critics like Giuliani (2009) have alleged that students identified as being at-risk (i.e., those not having any disability) are often pooled together with students having special needs (p. 34). They argue that combining students in this manner inhibits the progress of the latter group as they may not be able to develop the required confidence and motivation in the presence of other students with better learning capabilities. Pierangelo (2007) also blames curriculum

Old Guard and Avant-garde Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Old Guard and Avant-garde - Essay Example This essay discusses that John Cage professed radicalism in his compositions through his early years. John Cage had several interests in his pursuit of artistic life. For instance, it is worthy to note that Cage enrolled in a creative writing institution. He later drops out of the same while explaining that the institution utilized few texts in writing. The incident of the creative writing institution was a manifestation of someone who easily got dissatisfied with repeating others’ ideas. At the same time, he respected their creations. In addition, Cage began piano lessons in his childhood days while never declaring that he possessed an interest in the same. Such an early disinterest might have expressed later as an exceptional creativity in his works. Cage even tried his brains on Greek architecture until he got bored of the same. Despite Cage’s new concepts, he had earlier influences that triggered his interest in composition. During his stay in Europe, he had an infl uence from John Sebastian and Igor Stravinsky. Cage’s universal appeal in his compositions might have been derived from his traveling experiences. His other interests included painting and theater. His most relevant moments of his genius are explicit in his study period with Schoenberg. Schoenberg later described Cage as an inventor rather than a composer. Cage’s life is evident of adventure that goes beyond music. In this article, it is vital to highlight his musical experiments. Cage defined everything as music. This illustrates the use of silence. (Bernstein & Hatch, 2001). This illustrates by the use of silence to create the 4.33 composition. In this composition, he requires the listener to listen to sound of the background. Cage commenced experiments by employing different equipments as musical instruments. He used domestic items such as spoons, plates and sheets (Nicholls, 2002). He later taught and continued exploring, on non-musical objects, to enhance composit ions. The flow is a piano sound. It is void of the pressure of earlier compositions as it oozes out. John Cage displays his experimentation skills by utilizing single instruments for whole compositions. The composition of sonatas and interludes provides a unique articulation. It entails four sonatas that precede one interlude. The pattern repeats itself with four sonatas and one interlude. This follows a pattern of mirroring effect. It composes of a ten-unit structure that exists in the proportion of 3-2-2-2. An example is sonata-four that gives a measurement of one hundred. Cage employs the instruments to fit in the overall structure rather than the microstructure (Nicholls, 2002). This displays a new structure that Cage tries to infuse into a composition. Previous compositions entailed the same that strived to engage musical

Analysis of Contract Types in Construction

Analysis of Contract Types in Construction It consists of the Guest Rooms, Restaurant, Swimming Pools, Dance Studios, Health and Fitness Centre, Conference and Meeting Rooms. On the other hand, Electricity Power Supply System, Electrical Low Voltage System, Fire Services System, Central Air-conditioning System, Plumbing Drainage System, Passenger Services Lifts with cargo lift services and Building structural finishing and furnishing were re-structured and re-designed respectively into three nos. of hotels. Cause of reconstruction As three nos. of the Cinnamon Grand hotels were found destroyed by the adverse weather and several storms in August 2012, the reconstruction work was required with consent of the Hotel Management Board. Background information Profile of Consultant firm We are a consultancy service company namely ES Architect Consultant Service Company Limited, which has been established in United Kingdom since 1976. Our business covers consultancy service, construction work, renovation work, facilities property management, leasing agency, interior design and various engineering etc. Our professional team involves competent person such as registered professional, structural and geotechnical engineer etc. Recently, we are appointed to manage the reconstruction work for a hotel called Cinnamon Hotel. Subsequently, we undertake to carry out the aforesaid reconstruction work according to requirement of the client as hotels landlord. Re-open business time of the hotels will be anticipated implemented from 1st March 2013 and completed on or before 1st April 2014. To facilitate and ensure that the potential guests could enjoy their journey in the hotels after the reconstruction work in phase 1, we propose divide the work into two phases. The Roofs, Guest rooms, Restaurant and Swimming pools will be scheduled in phase 1. The Dance studios, Health and Fitness centre, Conference and Meeting rooms will be scheduled in phase 2. In order to create the prestigious and retain heritage style with traditional England design in the hotel at the town, grand design is highly required. Details information of the concerned facilities is listed below; Background information Schedule of project in Phase 1 Three ply waterproof design for three nos. of the roofs per one block of the hotel will be proposed, its lifecycle will anticipate fifteen years to replace approximately and repair cost will anticipate fifty hundred pounds per year; Roman design for the whole block (include external wall), lobbies and twenty nos. of the general guest rooms, Rococo design for twenty nos. of the general guest rooms and traditional England design for ten nos. of the president suite rooms will be proposed. Total guest rooms nos. is fifty per one block of the hotels; Continental with open kitchen design and three teams local cook lead by a chef for three nos. of the restaurant per one block of the hotels will be proposed; Alfresco indoor swimming pool with spa, massage and steam services, which is provide the thermostat system for six nos. swimming pools per one block of the hotels will be proposed. Schedule of project in Phase 2 Diversity with musical system will be set-up in the dance studios per one block of the hotel will be proposed; Professional tutors will be arranged in the health and fitness centre per one block of the hotels will be proposed; High technology multimedia system and audio-visual with record system will be set-up in the conference and meeting rooms per one block of the hotels will be proposed. Objectives Clients Requirement In view of the above arrangement of reconstruction work for three nos. of the hotels, our client is concerned with the work commencement date and completion date, which must be regarded as the first priority because the peak travel season is coming soon. Therefore, the schedule of reconstruction work should cope with the demand in order to raise the competitive predominance in the same district. Also, other major concern is no in-house experience and insufficient staff to conduct the above reconstruction work in order to avoid any nuisance and contingency occurrence emerge in the phase one and two involve cost, time and quality control. To cope with the above potential risk avoidance, we would establish clear statement for scope of work, terms conditions and penalty for liquidated damage to potential contractors. Especially, we would strictly to supervise and monitoring the service provision after the phase one project to let the potential guests enjoy their journey in the hotels. Budget by Client The client has sufficient cash flow to disburse the above reconstruction work cost in approximately at  £ $120,000,000.00 (120 Million). Recommendation Type of contract After collecting and ponder the above information with more concern, we decide to propose Design and Build contract method to our client. This method can not only to solve the technical issue deficient from client but also to avoid any variation order incurred in the future (such as budget to limit). In addition, design, materials and method suggestion of three nos. of the hotels have special ways to handle, quote instance, engrave technique for beam of Roman design in the whole block, external wall, lobbies, guest rooms, spa, massage and steam tanks with room facilities which are need to high technology and special order to complete. Design and Build contract method is highly required. In order to enhance knowledge for advantage and disadvantage for the Design and Build to our client, details are listed as below:. Analysis Advantages and Disadvantages of type of contract Advantages of Design and Build: Deduction of the Costs, Time, and Mistakes These design and build contractors are specialists in appointing both design and construction experts and making the process much easier for the property owner. For example, there is no need to hire variety of the contractors to carry out all aspects of the building project and arrangements with other subcontractors; Individual responsible party it is efficient to avoid conflict and confuse any communication between the various parties involvement; Costs saving Under a responsible party, it is more efficient due to avoidable duplication of manpower and both the design and building processes in the same company, the information between the two coincides. That means the cost of reconstruction work will be well controlled within budget because there is less possibility of miscommunication when the same design contractor is managing the two phases. Since the company is aware of the whole budget limitation, she is able to quickly and accurately determine if particular changes would put the reconstruction work over budget. Time Saving The Design and Build process could eliminate other the competitive bidding process that often adds to the project completion time. Furthermore, if the design and construction portion occur at the same time, it would save lead time during the course of the reconstruction work; Improved Risk Management Every aspect of the project has been carefully developed through the collaboration of the contractor, designer, builder, and client. Each party involved is aware of what theyre responsible for and has coordinated their efforts with one another. The process becomes more efficient to reduce the amount of risk involved; Increased Quality Control On the one hand, under a responsible party for every steps of the process promotes the more cohesive approach to the remodel. One party orchestrating each aspect of the remodel assures that the standards are met throughout and the goal is more accurately communicated On the other hand, one of the significant reasons that the clients tend to prefer adopting of the Design and Build contractors because of their ability to handle everything in house. This is very appealing to clients because it means that no one will cut corners with quality of materials or labor. It is also very beneficial to have the same contractor work for the project from start to finish. Disadvantages of Design and Build: In the past, the design phase and the build phase were separated. Firstly, the building is designed by architects. Secondly, contractors analyze the architectural design and bid on the amount that it will cost to construct the project. Thirdly, once the bid amount is agreed upon, construction takes place. When the two phases are separated, it often leads to problems. It is not uncommon for the client to become unhappy when the design conflicts with what can be built. In order to eliminate this issue, you can now use design build contractors which integrate both the design and build phase together. Conclusion Construction project delivery is changing before our eyes. Design-build once known as only one of alternative project delivery may now be the most preferred method. 1 [G. William Quatman (2003) The Architects Guide to Design-Build Services]. After collecting the above information and the requirements from our client, the Design and Build contracting methodology for transportation projects represents a significant change in the way projects, which are managed and delivered by transportation agencies. An important aspect of the Design and Build contracting methodology is developing collaboration and the business relationship between the project engineering/architect and construction contractor. The interaction of the construction contractor with the designer working as a team represents a culture shift from the traditional design and construction project team work together to resolve project design and constructability issues to deliver a quality product in an efficient manner. There is need to perform quickly on the projects, as it is in emergency the owners put the teams together to get the work completion. The complicated problems are always solved the more efficiently and with optimal solutions through collaboration. Collaboration occurs throughout a Design and Build project, not only within the Design and Build / construction team, but also with the owners.

Essay --

Eddie Martinez 11/30/2013 History 380- History of Rock ‘n’ Roll Research Paper Rock and Roll was one of the biggest musical, cultural, and social. It was one of the biggest events that has changed the face of music. But this incredible change didn’t happen overnight. While the term was coined in the 1950’s, movements had already been rolling in those directions for a few decades. So many genres and styles contributed to the rise of Rock and Roll and to the different ranges of types that stemmed from it. While there are countless styles and artist that contributed to creating the sound and culture and Rock and Roll there are a few groups that particularly embodied the ideals of Rock and Roll and greatly added to its already rich style. Rock and Rolls origins have been highly debated. Because of its significant impact on society, people are very involved and interested on its development and its decline into its various subcategories. Music has always had direct links to the culture and people it emerges from. The styles that predominantly make up the roots of Rock and Roll begin earliest from jazz and most importantly swing in the 1930’s. the time leading up to Rock and Roll coincided with the time leading up to the civil rights movement in the 1960’s. both Rock and Roll as well as the Civil rights movement for African Americans erupted in the 1960’s after many decades of built up tension. The styles that contributed to Rock and Roll are a combination of White and Black styles of music that were fused and came together as early as the 1930’s. Of course when anyone thinks about Rock and Roll they think of the man with full slicked backed hair and a white rhinestone jumpsuit. Elvis Aaron Presley was a singer, musician, and ... ... most original and amazing songs out there. Originally the band felt that their first album was too much pop; there was no meaning in the words. But by the time they released Rubber Records, which they felt was one of their most cohesive and best records, they were at full Beatles swing. It was all them. The band went through quite a genre transition and crossed all kinds of musical styles in the ten years that they were together. They started out as being a skiffle group, they then embraced 50’s rock and roll, folk, country, psychedelic, and yet still popular and unique. It has been said that before this time there had never been a song that could blend so many different styles and components from so many diverse influences could be put together to make something new. At the end, when things were becoming strained in the group, individual tastes began to surface.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fptp System

First Past The Post, like other plurality/majoriAdvantages and disadvantages of FPTP systemty electoral systems, is defended primarily on the grounds of simplicity and its tendency to produce winners who are representatives beholden to defined geographic areas and governability. The most often cited advantages are that: It provides a clear-cut choice for voters between two main parties. The inbuilt disadvantages faced by third and fragmented minority parties under FPTP in many cases cause the party system to gravitate towards a party of the ‘left’ and a party of the ‘right’, alternating in power.Third parties often wither away and almost never reach a level of popular support above which their national vote yields a comparable percentage of seats in the legislature. It gives rise to single-party governments. The ‘seat bonuses’ for the largest party common under FPTP (e. g. where one party wins 45 per cent of the national vote but 55 per cent of the seats) mean that coalition governments are the exception rather than the rule.This state of affairs is praised for providing cabinets which are not shackled by the restraints of having to bargain with a minority coalition partner. It gives rise to a coherent opposition in the legislature. In theory, the flip side of a strong single-party government is that the opposition is also given enough seats to perform a critical checking role and present itself as a realistic alternative to the government of the day. It advantages broadly-based political parties.In severely ethnically or regionally divided societies, FPTP is commended for encouraging political parties to be ‘broad churches’, encompassing many elements of society, particularly when there are only two major parties and many different societal groups. These parties can then field a diverse array of candidates for election. In Malaysia, for example, the Barisan Nasional government is made up of a broadly-based um brella movement which fields Malay, Chinese, and Indian candidates in areas of various ethnic complexions.It excludes extremist parties from representation in the legislature. Unless an extremist minority party’s electoral support is geographically concentrated, it is unlikely to win any seats under FPTP. (By contrast, under a List PR system with a single national-level district and a large number of seats, a fraction of 1 per cent of the national vote can ensure representation in the legislature. ) It promotes a link between constituents and their representatives, as it produces a legislature made up of representatives of geographical areas.Elected members represent defined areas of cities, towns, or regions rather than just party labels. Some analysts have argued that this ‘geographic accountability’ is particularly important in agrarian societies and in developing countries. It allows voters to choose between people rather than just between parties. Voters can assess the performance of individual candidates rather than just having to accept a list of candidates presented by a party, as can happen under some List PR electoral systems. It gives a chance for popular independent candidates to be elected.This may be particularly important in developing party systems, where politics still revolves more around extended ties of family, clan, or kinship and is not based on strong party political organizations. Finally, FPTP systems are particularly praised for being simple to use and understand. A valid vote requires only one mark beside the name or symbol of one candidate. Even if the number of candidates on the ballot paper is large, the count is easy for electoral officials to conduct. Disadvantages of FPTPHowever, FPTP is frequently criticized for a number of reasons. These include: It excludes smaller parties from ‘fair’ representation, in the sense that a party which wins approximately, say, 10 per cent of the votes should win approximately 10 per cent of the legislative seats. In the 1993 federal election in Canada, the Progressive Conservatives won 16 per cent of the votes but only 0. 7 per cent of the seats, and in the 1998 general election in Lesotho, the Basotho National Party won 24 per cent of the votes but only 1 per cent of the seats.This is a pattern which is repeated time and time again under FPTP. It excludes minorities from fair representation. As a rule, under FPTP, parties put up the most broadly acceptable candidate in a particular district so as to avoid alienating the majority of electors. Thus it is rare, for example, for a black candidate to be given a major party’s nomination in a majority white district in the UK or the USA, and there is strong evidence that ethnic and racial minorities across the world are far less likely to be represented in legislatures elected by FPTP.In consequence, if voting behaviour does dovetail with ethnic divisions, then the exclusion from represent ation of members of ethnic minority groups can be destabilizing for the political system as a whole. It excludes women from the legislature. The ‘most broadly acceptable candidate’ syndrome also affects the ability of women to be elected to legislative office because they are often less likely to be selected as candidates by male-dominated party structures. Evidence across the world suggests that women are less likely to be elected to the legislature under plurality/majority systems than under PR ones.It can encourage the development of political parties based on clan, ethnicity or region, which may base their campaigns and policy platforms on conceptions that are attractive to the majority of people in their district or region but exclude or are hostile to others. This has been an ongoing problem in African countries like Malawi and Kenya, where large communal groups tend to be regionally concentrated. The country is thus divided into geographically separate party stro ngholds, with little incentive for parties to make appeals outside their home region and cultural–political base.It exaggerates the phenomenon of ‘regional fiefdoms’ where one party wins all the seats in a province or area. If a party has strong support in a particular part of a country, winning a plurality of votes, it will win all, or nearly all, of the seats in the legislature for that area. This both excludes minorities in that area from representation and reinforces the perception that politics is a battleground defined by who you are and where you live rather than what you believe in.This has long been put forward as an argument against FPTP in Canada. It leaves a large number of wasted votes which do not go towards the election of any candidate. This can be particularly dangerous if combined with regional fiefdoms, because minority party supporters in the region may begin to feel that they have no realistic hope of ever electing a candidate of their choice . It can also be dangerous where alienation from the political system increases the likelihood that extremists will be able to mobilize anti-system movements.It can cause vote-splitting. Where two similar parties or candidates compete under FPTP, the vote of their potential supporters is often split between them, thus allowing a less popular party or candidate to win the seat. Papua New Guinea provides a particularly clear example. It may be unresponsive to changes in public opinion. A pattern of geographically concentrated electoral support in a country means that one party can maintain exclusive executive control in the face of a substantial drop in overall popular support.In some democracies under FPTP, a fall from 60 per cent to 40 per cent of a party’s share of the popular vote nationally can result in a fall from 80 per cent to 60 per cent in the number of seats held, which does not affect its overall dominant position. Unless sufficient seats are highly competitive, th e system can be insensitive to swings in public opinion. Finally, FPTP systems are dependent on the drawing of electoral boundaries. All electoral boundaries have political consequences: there is no technical process to produce a single ‘correct answer’ independently of political or other considerations.Boundary delimitation may require substantial time and resources if the results are to be accepted as legitimate. There may also be pressure to manipulate boundaries by gerrymandering or malapportionment. This was particularly apparent in the Kenyan elections of 1993 when huge disparities between the sizes of electoral districts—the largest had 23 times the number of voters the smallest had—contributed to the ruling Kenyan African National Union party’s winning a large majority in the legislature with only 30 per cent of the popular vote.

After colonialism Nigeria had greater potential and advantage than other African countries to make progress on the road to industrialization but only made limited progress. The WritePass Journal

After colonialism Nigeria had greater potential and advantage than other African countries to make progress on the road to industrialization but only made limited progress. Abstract After colonialism Nigeria had greater potential and advantage than other African countries to make progress on the road to industrialization but only made limited progress. ) Chamberlain, S., (2010).50 years in making [online] Available from: Nigeriaworld http://nigeriaworld.com/feature/publication/peterside/081110.html (Accessed on 2/04/2012) Chapin, H., (1991).Nigeria: A country study. Washington: GPO Ighoavodha, F., (2002), Political stability in Africa. Nigeria’s post-colonial experience, Lagos: Obaroh Ogbinaka Publishers International Monetary Fund, (2010). Regional Economic Outlook. Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: International Monetary Fund Kinnan, , et.al., (2011). Failed state 2030. Nigeria – a case study. Alabama: Centre for Strategy and Technology Lovejoy, P., al., (2008). A country study. Nigeria. Washington: Federal Research Division Odejide, A., (1998). The Quest for Economic Development Through Industrialization. A Historical Review of Nigeria’s Import Substitution Strategy. NJEH, 1, 147-161 The World Factbook, (2011) [online] Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ (Accessed on 2/04/2012) Udoh, E. and Udeaja, E., (2011). Ten Years of Industrial Policies under Democratic Governance in Nigeria: â€Å"New Wine in Old Bottle†. European Journal of Social Science, 20(2), 248-258 Watts, M., (2009). Has globalization failed in Nigeria? [online]Available from: http://qn.som.yale.edu/content/has-globalization-failed-nigeria (Accessed on 2/04/2012)

Consequences of the First World War Essay Example

Consequences of the First World War Essay Example Consequences of the First World War Essay Consequences of the First World War Essay Consequences of the First World War A war unlike any to those that had preceded it, the First World War was fought on such a global scale that the sphere of influence of its consequences encompassed virtually the entire world. As a result of the war there were many political, cultural, and social changes across the world. New countries were born while old ones were abolished, new international organizations were established, and many new ideologies came to the fore. The signing of the Treaty of Versailles was perhaps the most important outcome of the First World War. Based on American President Woodrow Wilson’s ‘fourteen points’ the treaty was signed on June 28, 1919 after six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference. By the terms of the treaty, Germany was forced to pay war reparations of 6. 6 billion dollars to the Allies to compensate for the losses that they had suffered during the war. The treaty also imposed a number of military restrictions on Germany by which their army was limited to a force of 1,00,00 soldiers, their navy restricted to 15,000 men and 24 ships while their air force and submarines were banned. However the terms of the treaty that hurt Germany the most were those by which Germany was forced to cede some of its territories. Germany lost Alsace Lorrain to France, Eupen – et – Malmedy to Belgium and Schleswig to Denmark, while Danzig became a free port in Polish territory. Germany also lost all of her colonies in China and the Pacific, the control of which was given to Japan. To further compound Germany’s misery they were forced to cede the coalmines of Saar to France as well as demilitarize the area of the Rhineland which was to be occupied by the Allied troops, both for fifteen year periods. Another major peace treaty that was signed after the First World War was the Treaty of Sevres. The treaty was signed between Turkey and the Allies. The treaty solidified the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by which the empire’s territories were divided into new states. The treaty also gave the Allies more or less complete control over the empire’s finances as they approved the national budget and supervised financial laws and regulations. Future developments of the tax system, the customs system, internal or external loans, or on concessions could not be arranged without the consent of the financial commission of the Allied powers. In terms of military restrictions, the Ottoman army was to be restricted to 50,700 men; the Ottoman navy could only preserve seven sloops and six torpedo boats; and the Ottoman state was prohibited from obtaining an air force. A war of such magnitude was always going to have an impact on the map of the world and as expected a number of dynasties were brought crumbling down with new independent states rising from their rubble. The war saw the end of the three ruling dynasties of the world – the Romanov in Russia, the Hohenzollern in Germany and the Hapsburg in Austria – Hungary. The partitioning of Austria – Hungary, a major belligerent, into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia was done largely but not completely along ethnic lines. Also new independent nations such as Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland were carved from the Russian western frontier. Following the war, the Ottoman Empire was also partitioned according to the Treaty of Sevres. The war also led to a number of technological advancements as new weapons were discovered and soldiers developed new warring tactics. A major outcome of the war in terms of military tactics was that of trench warfare by which soldiers dug trenches from where they could easily defend themselves and launch attacks. Also new weapons such as machine guns and liquid fire were introduced and aircrafts were used for bombing civilian population for the first time. The British introduced the tank, which became extremely popular and is used even today, while Germany used submarines called U – boats on a large scale. The war also fueled Communism as an ideology and allowed it to flourish. Russia had suffered major setbacks during the war and the Russian monarchy had become extremely unpopular. Discontent led to a rise in popularity of the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin who promised to pull Russia out of the war and was able to gain power. The Bolsheviks triumph in November was followed by an armistice and negotiations with Germany by which Russia could exit the war. It was also decided that an international peace keeping body was required to prevent the recurrence of a war of such magnitude and thus the League of Nations was created to preserve world peace and to guarantee the independence of all states. The League of Nations called for member nations not to maintain huge armies, warships and destructive armaments, and also laid down certain rules by which it prohibited any two countries from entering into secret treaties or alliances. However when the United States of America, who had played such a key role in setting up the League of Nations decided not to join it, the League suffered a major set back as all the other member nations were not whole heartedly committed to maintaining world peace. This was made evident when Japan left the League in order to occupy Manchuria. Last but not least, it must be noticed that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles indirectly sowed the seeds for the Second World War. The terms of the treaty were greatly resented by the Germans who felt that they had been done a great injustice and therefore looked for an opportunity to avenge the same. Hitler exploited these sentiments and openly encouraged the Germans to consign the Treaty of Versailles to the waste paper basket. This in turn increased his popularity amongst the general population and led to his rise in power. With Hitler at the helm, his aggressive foreign policies and ambitions of territorial expansions, made World War II an absolute certainty. Word Count 1005

Envirnomental Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Envirnomental Analysis - Essay Example First, the slow growth of houses brought a significant downturn on retail sales in terms of appliances, furniture and home furnishings. Consumer spending is also affected by stricter lending policies now being pursued by lending institutions due to default in mortgages and payments. Other economic factor affecting the industry is the high cost of gasoline which slices the consumers’ budget for household expenses and retail spending. Most likely , the following factors will pose a negative effect on the trend of industry sales and will be the trend for 20009, Punkett Research said.. The impact of high consumer debt levels will constrain spending. * The growing trend of expenditures can be influenced by lifestyles as shown in Plunkett Research. Consumers trend in spending supports healthy lifestyle with products that has more high value, long life, environment friendly, and low in consumption. The fast pace of technology has moved retail selling into new direction in selling. For instance, we are seeing now the rapid growth of on line shopping. Internet connections make shopping convenient for consumers. Report said that in 2008, internet business of retail selling have kept about 100 million consumers in their homes and business. Sales raked by Amazon in 2007 was $14.8 billion higher than in 2006 of $107 billion in 2006. A Shop.org. survey mentioned in Plunkets research t said that in 2008, on line shopping of 84.6 million consumers accounted for $ 72.0 million sales in 2006 and $ 60.7 million in 2007. Not to be outdone, Wal=Mart has joined the bandwagon in the e-commerce trading. In 1985, at the tune of $4 billion, company developed software that will give information on consumer behavior through the bar codes system. This information enabled the company to foresee demographic changes. Today, demographic changes may be seen thru the behavior of buying patterns of

New Business Project by Volkswagen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

New Business Project by Volkswagen - Essay Example As the company announced the recall of nearly 9 million cars, it was estimated that an amount of â‚ ¬ 6.5 billion was required to come up with the costs of the scandal. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the company to come up with a new business project with the changed framework to regain its brand value and market share in the car industry. As the company’s stocks which reflected the market concerns significantly fell down, it became the toughest challenge for the company to bring back their position and win the loyalty of the consumers. 2.1 Force Field Analysis of Volkswagen When Volkswagen was planning for a business change in order to gain back its hard-earned reputation, it is necessary to analyze the major factors forces which will support and hinder such change. In this context, Force Field Analysis is an important decision-making tool that can assist it in making the decision for a change within the business. Such an analysis will serve the purposes of i) deci ding whether to undertake the change after evaluating the factors; ii) of increasing the chance of success of the change by weakening the forces against the change and by strengthening those in support of the change. The new business project or the proposed change by Volkswagen is the brand enhancement. After involvement in the major emissions scandal, what suffered most is the brand appreciation of the company and its perception to the ones who are related to its product i.e. the consumers, suppliers, dealers, employees and the shareholders.